Know how classical movie camera works!!!!

The basic science behind the movies is all about how our eyes and brains work.
When our eyes sees a series of still images in quick succession, each image is hold of a while after it disappears and even as next one starts to replace it. These two images blur together to make a single moving image. This is known as Persistence of Vision.
In 19th century toy makers use the concept of persistence of vision to make new toys. One such toy was called zoetrope. It is a rotating drum, inside of which a long strip of paper with pictures drawn to it. Then you rotate the drum to make the pictures blur together and looked down through the slits to watch them. You have noticed this toy in latest movie Conjuring, in this movie Janet and her brother plays with it.

Classical movie cameras are largely mechanical and capture images on moving plastic film. Modern video cameras and camcorders work more like digital cameras and capture images digitally instead. In a standard film camera, you have to wind the film on so it advances to the next position to capture another photograph. But in a movie camera, the film is constantly moving and the shutter is constantly opening and closing to take a continuous series of photographs-about 24 times each second.

Source:gridclub.com

The unexposed movie film starts out on the large reel at the front and it is passed over guide rollers and spring –loaded pressure rollers that hold it firmly against the central sprocket. The sprocket’s teeth lock into the holes on the edge of the film and pull it precisely and securely through the mechanism. The light from the scene being filmed enters through the lens and passes into a prism, which splits it in half. Some of the light continues on through the shutter and hits the film, exposing a single frame of the movie. The rest of the light takes the lower path, bouncing down to a mirror. The shutter is like a mechanical eyelid that blinks open 24 times a second. The shutter is driven by same mechanism that turns the sprocket. More pressure rollers hold the exposed film against the lower part of the central sprocket. The teeth on the sprocket pull the exposed film back through the camera. Light redirected by the mirror exits through the lens and viewfinder so the camera operator can see what he is filming. The guide rollers take the exposed film back up toward the upper reel. The large upper reel at the back collects the exposed film.
When video recording was invented, photographic film was replaced by the magnetic video tape, which was simpler, cheaper, and needed no photographic developing before you could view the things you have recorded. Modern camcorders use a light sensitive microchip called Charge Coupled Device(CCD), to convert light coming through the lens into numerical format. The more working of the digital camera is presented in our article Digital Cameras.

Know how classical movie camera works!!!!

The basic science behind the movies is all about how our eyes and brains work.
When our eyes sees a series of still images in quick succession, each image is hold of a while after it disappears and even as next one starts to replace it. These two images blur together to make a single moving image. This is known as Persistence of Vision.
In 19th century toy makers use the concept of persistence of vision to make new toys. One such toy was called zoetrope. It is a rotating drum, inside of which a long strip of paper with pictures drawn to it. Then you rotate the drum to make the pictures blur together and looked down through the slits to watch them. You have noticed this toy in latest movie Conjuring, in this movie Janet and her brother plays with it.

Classical movie cameras are largely mechanical and capture images on moving plastic film. Modern video cameras and camcorders work more like digital cameras and capture images digitally instead. In a standard film camera, you have to wind the film on so it advances to the next position to capture another photograph. But in a movie camera, the film is constantly moving and the shutter is constantly opening and closing to take a continuous series of photographs-about 24 times each second.

Source:gridclub.com

The unexposed movie film starts out on the large reel at the front and it is passed over guide rollers and spring –loaded pressure rollers that hold it firmly against the central sprocket. The sprocket’s teeth lock into the holes on the edge of the film and pull it precisely and securely through the mechanism. The light from the scene being filmed enters through the lens and passes into a prism, which splits it in half. Some of the light continues on through the shutter and hits the film, exposing a single frame of the movie. The rest of the light takes the lower path, bouncing down to a mirror. The shutter is like a mechanical eyelid that blinks open 24 times a second. The shutter is driven by same mechanism that turns the sprocket. More pressure rollers hold the exposed film against the lower part of the central sprocket. The teeth on the sprocket pull the exposed film back through the camera. Light redirected by the mirror exits through the lens and viewfinder so the camera operator can see what he is filming. The guide rollers take the exposed film back up toward the upper reel. The large upper reel at the back collects the exposed film.
When video recording was invented, photographic film was replaced by the magnetic video tape, which was simpler, cheaper, and needed no photographic developing before you could view the things you have recorded. Modern camcorders use a light sensitive microchip called Charge Coupled Device(CCD), to convert light coming through the lens into numerical format. The more working of the digital camera is presented in our article Digital Cameras.

Around u: 7 Digital Camera!!

A camera is an optical instrument for recording and capturing images, which can be stored locally, transmitted to another location or both.In the fifth century B.C, the Chinese philosopher Mo Ti noted that a pinhole can form an inverted and focusing image, when light passes through the hole and into a dark area. Mo Ti is the first person recorded to have used this phenomenon to trace the inverted image to create a picture.  The Digital cameras store photographs as long strings of numbers, not as patterns of darkness and light used in ordinary film camera. The word camera comes from `camera obscura’, which means “dark chamber”.

Digital cameras works in a completely different way than the ordinary film cameras.  When we press the button to take a photograph with a digital camera, an aperture opens at the front of camera and light enters through the lens. There is no film in a digital camera, instead there is a piece of electronic image sensor, usually a charge coupled device (CCD) or a CMOS sensor that captures the incoming light rays and turn them into electrical signals.

CCD

The light from the object you are photographing zooms into the camera lens. A shutter mechanism controls the length of time that the light enters the camera. This incoming ‘picture’ hits the image sensor chip, which breaks it up into millions of pixels. The sensor measures the color and brightness of each pixel and stores it as number. Thus the digital photography is an enormously long string of numbers describing the exact details of each pixel it contains.

Source:en.wikipedia.org

Following parts are usually found in digital camera:-

Source:www.explainthatstuff.com

 1.Battery compartment: The power required for working of camera is acquired from the batteries inside the battery compartment.
 2:Flash capacitor: The capacitor charges up for several seconds to store enough energy to fire the flash.
 3.Flash lamp: Operated by the capacitor. Xenon flash lamps are usually used.
 4.LED: A small red LED indicates when the self-timer is operating.
 5.Lens: It captures light from the object and focuses it on CCD or CMOS. Convex lenses are used. The telephoto lens is used for sports and wildlife but it is more susceptible to camera shake.
 6.Focusing mechanism: This mechanism is helpful in taking either close ups or distant shots. Some cameras have post focusing. Post focusing means that the pictures taken are then focused later in PC.
 7.Image sensor: This is a light detecting micro chip (CCD or CMOS). It is placed directly underneath the lens.
 8.USB Connector: USB cable is attached here for copying the photos taken, to computer.
 9.SD card slot: A flash memory card can be slide inside it for storing more photos.
Processor chip: The camera’s main digital brain. This controls all the camera functions.
The edit we are doing on the digital photograph using image editing program, we actually is adjusting the numbers that represent each pixel of the image. High quality photograph contains a string millions of numbers, that’s why high quality images often make more enormous file. So technique called Compression is used, which squeezes digital photos so that it can be stored in less memory.
New advanced improvements are happening in the camera industry. Modern cameras with more interesting specs are available in markets nowadays!!.

Know how 3D works!!

3D films trick your brain, bringing projected images to life in fuol three dimensional glory. If you look at an object near you and close your left and right eyes in turn ,you will see each has a slightly different view of the surroundings. Your right eye alsees a bit more of its right side, and your left eye see a bit moreof it's left side. These two images are fused by the brain allowing you to see in three dimensions. This is known as stereoscopic vision.
To create a similar effect. 3D films are captured using two lenses placed side by side, or by producing computer generated images to replicate the same effects. In old fashioned 3D films ,footage for the left eye would be filtered using a red lens filter, producing a red image ,and the footage for the right eye would be shot using a blue filter, resulting a blue image. The images from the projectors are then superimposed on the cinema screen.

3D glasses with blue and red filters ensured viewers left and right saw the correct image, the red filter would only let red light through to your left eye, and the blue filter would only let the blue light through to your right eye. These two slightly different images are combined by the brain to create the illusion of 3D. The old fashioned 3D films couldn't make full use of the colour.

Therefore in modern 3D films ,polarised light is used instead of  red and blue light.
A polarised light wave vibrates only on one plane. The unpolarized light can be transformed into the polarised light using the polarising filter.

A polarising filter has tiny parallel lines etched into it. These lines will only let the light vibrating on particular plane through. as with old fashioned 3D, the film is recorded using two camera lenses sat side by side. But in the cinema ,the two reels of film are projected through different polarised filters. So the images destined for viewers left eyes are polarised on a horizontal plane, whereas images destined for the right eyes are polarised on a vertical plane.
Thus these filters seperate out the two images,giving each eye sees a slightly different perspectives and fooling the brain so as to obtain a three dimensional view.!

Around U :6 IMAX

IMAX  (an acronym for image maximum) is a motion picture film format and a set of cinema projection standards created by Canadian company IMAX Corporation and developed by Graeme Ferguson,Roman Kroitor,Robert Kerr, and William C  Shaw. IMAX  has the capacity to record and display images of far greater size and resolution than conventional film systems.

Source: www.London pass.com

IMAX is the most widely used system for special venue film presentations. There are over 1061 IMAX theaters in 67 countries.
During Expo 67 ,in Montreal, the National Film Board of Canada's In  the Labyrinth and Ferguson's Man and the Polar Regions both used multiprojector, multi screen systems. Each encountered technical difficulties that led them to found a company called "Multiscreen", with a goal of developing a simplar approach. But later it became clear that a single large-screen image had more impact than multiple smaller ones and was more viable product direction, Multiscreen changed its name to IMAX.
Tiger Child ,the first IMAX film ,was demonstrated at Expo '70 in Osaka,  Japan. The first permanent IMAX installation was bulit at Cinesphere theater at Ontario Place at Toronto.
The IMAX cinema process increases the image resolution by using larger film frame, in relative terms,a frame of IMAX format film has three times the theoretical horizontal resolution of a frame of 35mm film. To achieve such increase resolution ,which IMAX estimated at approximately 12 thousand lines of horizontal resolution (12k), 65mm film stock passes horizontally through the IMAX movie camera ,15 perforations at a time. At 24 frames per second(fps),this means that the film moves through the camera at 102.7 meters per minute (just over 6 km/hr). In a conventional 65 mm camera ,five perforations at a time or ,34 meters per minute.
The IMAX format of widescreen cinema , the movie image is taller than its wide ,given the film frame dimensions of 69.6mm × 48.5mm. To match the standard image resolution of the moving image produced with the film speed of 24fps, an IMAX  film requires three times the lenght ofvfilm stock required for a 65mm film of comparable scope and cinematic technique.
In 2011 , IMAX announced a 4K 3D digital camera with the similar wide resolution of regular IMAX film cameras. The IMAX format is generally called "15/70" film, the name referring to the 15 sprocket ,holes or perforations per frame. The film's bulk requires horizontal platters ,rayheer than conventional film reels. The IMAX  platters range from 1.2 to 1.83 meters diameter to accommodate 1 to 2.75 hours of film. Platters with a 2.5 hour feature film weigh 250 kilograms. IMAX uses ESTAR baed print film in their 15/70 rolling kiip film projection systems. ESTAR  based print film provides greater precision.

In order to use the more area ,the  IMAX film dies not include an embedded soundtrack. Instead ,the IMAX system specifies a separate six-channel 35mm magnetic film, recorded and played back on a film follower locked to picture.
Like conventional theaters , IMAX theaters place speakers both directly behind the acoustically transparent screen and around the theater to create a 'surround sound' effect. IMAX also provides a 'top center' speaker in addition to center' speaker found in conventional theaters. This extra channel allows the sound to mix engineers to take advantage of the screen's greater height.

To create illusion of depth ,the IMAX 3D process uses two separate camera lenses that represent the left and right eyes. The lenses are separated by a distance of 64mm ,the average distance between a human eyes. Two separate rolls of film are used to capture the images they produce. The IMAX 3D camera weighs over 113kg.

Variations on IMAX included the 48 fps IMAX HD process ,which sought to produce smoother, more lifelike motion, while also reducing the blurting of moving objects, by doubling the normal film rate. The IMAX HD system was tested in 1992 at Canada pavilion of the Seville Expo '92 with the film Momentum.

EYES BEHIND MOVIES!!

From 3D and green screens to iMax and CGI ,the steadycam and digital film,the world of cinema has remained ceaselessly dedicated to technological advances through time. With the proliferation of digital platforms ,tech solutions and computer based discoveries in the fields of special effects and filming ,the innovations that lie ahead are certainly no less thrilling than those of the last 90+ years.

Once ,24 frames per second was an industry standard. But now 48 frames per second are made possible by improving filming technology.The Hobbit' became the first film in the Hollywood history to surpass the standard fps rate.
On movies set across the world,Red One Digital cameras are transforming the filming process by replacing the standard 35mm camera with a smaller ,lighter and thus more portable camera solution,without lessening image quality.Now film makers every where can exercise their craft without being anchored down by heavy equipment.
Virtual backlots now allow actors to appear in far flung destinations ,with the help of digital backgrounds,directors can incorporate scenes from their wildest imaginations without breaking their bank or rewriting their scripts.

Nine different cameras were used to make the movies nominated for BestPicture at the 2015 Academy Awards,of those ,six of them come from a company called ARRI.

The ARRICAM ST  noted for its two magazine mounting configurations. It's a hefty unit but it's a popular choice for blockbuster films.

The ARRIcam LT is roughly half the weight of the studio version ,while still offering same exceptional recording quality. This lighter body was designed to allow more mobile steadycam footage.

ARRI's Alexa brings the high quality associated with their film cameras into the digital age. Alexa manages to replicate organic film look shooting directly onto a 16:9 sensor with upgradable components to allow for a future proof design. The Alexa can shoot 1080p footage and features two HD-SDI outputs that allows metadaa to be streamed from the camera while shooting.

The Alexa XT takes the impressive Alexa camera and then adfs a whole rafy of new features to appeal to professional film maker. It has Super 35 sensor with Open Gate and 4:3 sensor modes,the ability to shoot raw footage at 120fps,a new silent fan and refreshed mounting bracket, and it's also lighter than original Alexa.

Alexa XT Plus has integrated radio and lens motor electronics extra ,which allows filmmakers to control the camera remotely.

The 35mm MovieCam Compact ,was one of three cameras made by the MovieCam that saw great success ,before the company was bought by ARRI.
Cameras greatly influence in film making industry.This is just a small article about modern camera used in film making industry.New and very modern equipments are still out there ,and we can expect more and more cameras with awesome specs in the coming days.

Mind-controlled drones show off latest in tech

Scientists have been able to detect brainwaves for more than a century, and mind-controlled technology already is helping paralyzed people move limbs or robotic prosthetics. But now the technology is becoming widely accessible. Emotiv and NeuroSky are among startups offering electroencephalogram headsets for purchase online for several hundred dollars. The models Florida racers used cost about $500 US each.

Here's how the technology delivers an abstract thought through the digital realm and into the real world: Each EEG headset is calibrated to identify the electrical activity associated with particular thoughts in each wearer's brain — recording, for example, where neurons fire when the wearer imagines pushing a chair across the floor. Programmers write code to translate these "imaginary motion" signals into commands that computers send to the drones.

Professor Juan Gilbert, whose computer science students organized the race, is inviting other universities to assemble brain-drone racing teams for 2017, pushing interest in a technology with a potential that seems limited only by the human imagination.

As our lives become increasingly reliant on internet-enabled devices, a concept known as the internet of things, Gilbert and his team want to know how mind-controlled devices can expand and change the way we play, work and live.

You might use your mind to unlock your car, or explore a virtual world, hands-free. It could be applied for real-time monitoring of our moods and states of consciousness. Researchers are studying whether they can use a big-rig driver's mind to trigger a device that will tell him when he's too tired to drive.

"One day you could wear a brain-controlled interface device like you wear a watch, to interact with things around you," Gilbert said.

So far, BCI research has largely been about helping disabled people regain freedom of movement. Recently, an Ohio man using only his thoughts was able to move his paralyzed hand thanks to a chip implanted in his brain. In Miami, doctors using BCI are helping a 19-year-old man stand on his own after losing the use of his legs in a motorcycle accident.

But as the technology moves toward wider adoption, ethical, legal and privacy questions remain unresolved.

The U.S. Defence Department — which uses drones to kill suspected militants in the Middle East from vast distances — is looking for military brain-control applications. A 2014 Defence Department grant supports the Unmanned Systems Laboratory at the University of Texas, San Antonio, where researchers have developed a system enabling a single person with no prior training to fly multiple drones simultaneously through mind control.

In this system, instead of the pilot thinking certain thoughts to move the drones, she looks at a screen with flickering signals, triggering brain activity that translates into specific movements. "It can accommodate lots of commands, much more than imaginary motion can," UT scientist Yufei Huang said.

But enthusiasts should think carefully before handing over their brainwaves for purposes that have yet to be conceived or contained, said Kit Walsh, a staff attorney at the Electronic Frontier Foundation with a degree in neuroscience from MIT.

"EEG readings are similar to fingerprints: Once I know what the readings look like from your brain in a certain situation," she said. "I'll be able to recognize you by that pattern again later on."

World's Tiniest Engines Could Power Microscopic Robots

Scientists have created the world's tiniest practical engines, and these light-powered machines could one day power microscopic robots small enough to enter living cells, the researchers say. As technological innovations make devices smaller and smaller, scientists are developing machines that are only the size of complex molecules — nanometers, or billionths of a meter, in scale. In comparison, the average human hair is about 100,000 nanometers wide. One of the main reasons "nanobots" remain in the realm of science fiction is that figuring out a way to make them move has been challenging. Researchers have tried using a variety of power sources and propulsion systems for nanotechnology, but these typically lack speed, strength and control. "There have been many small machines, but they operate incredibly slowly — taking many seconds or minutes to move a single arm, for instance — and with very low forces," said Jeremy Baumberg, director of the University of Cambridge's NanoPhotonics Centre and senior author of the new study. "This is why we don't have nanobots, although they are much discussed in fiction." Nanobots require powerful forces to move because the viscosity of fluids can increase dramatically on the nanoscale. "For a nanomachine floating in water, swimming is like us swimming in a pool of treacle [a blend of molasses, sugar and corn syrup] — very, very viscous — so you need very large forces to move," Baumberg told Live Science. The new engines are made of tiny particles of gold only 60 nanometers in diameter. These particles are connected to one another by a water-laden gel made of a heat-sensitive compound. When heated by a green laser to more than 95 degrees Fahrenheit (35 degrees Celsius), the gel expels water, contracting within a microsecond and forcing the gold nanoparticles into tight clusters about 400 nanometers wide. When the engine is cooled, the gel takes on water and expands, and the gold nanoparticles are strongly and quickly pushed apart, like a spring, the researchers explained.

iphone 7 will've 3.5mm headset jack after all, latest leak says...!

A leaked shot purportedly showing the iphone 7 s innards comes to contradict all the previous reports. Thats because the part shown does in fact feature the connection to the 3.5mm headset jack, even if overall it looks pretty different to what's been used for the iphone 6s.
And that in itself raises some questions about the authenticity of this leak.Needless to say then, dont take this granted just yet. Still if the leaked parts belong to iphone 7, then the rumours of the headset jacks demise have been false!!
The apple iphone 7 could be waterproof and it might support a touch home button.Its antenna line are apparently going to be redesigned for a more stream lined look. The iphone 7 and iphone 7plus are due to be outed at apple's annual fall event.

10 year old boy hacked instagram!!!

Finnish ,a 10year old boy was rewarded $10000 by facebook for finding security flaw in image sharing social network Instagram.

INDIA on smart phone mania..!!

India to be the second largest smartphone market next year NEW DELHI: India will overtake the US as the second-largest smartphone market next year, and local players, led by Reliance Industries, will benefit in the near term, says Morgan Stanley in its latest report based on a survey. "Following our survey of more than 2,600 urban smartphone buyers in India, we raise our global smartphone unit growth estimate by one percentage point in each of 2017 and 2018," said the report. "We model a 23% compounded annual growth rate for Indian smartphones through 2018 and the country should account for 30% of the global unit growth over the next two years and become the second-largest market next year in terms of units," it said.

Apple loses a trademark court ruling in china

A Chinese company is free to use 'IPHONE' name on its handbags and leather goods ,as  Apple has lost a trademark court ruling in china.

Diving Robot 'Mermaid' Lends a Hand (or 2) to Ocean Exploration In Mediterranean waters, off the coast of France, a diver recently visited the shipwreck La Lune — a vesssel in King Louis XIV's fleet — which lay untouched and unexplored on the ocean bottom since it sank in 1664. But the wreck's first nonaquatic visitor in centuries wasn't human — it was a robot. Dubbed "OceanOne," the bright orange diving robot resembles a mecha-mermaid. It measures about 5 feet (1.5 meters) in length and has a partly human form: a torso, a head — with stereoscopic vision — and articulated arms. Its lower section holds its computer "brain," a power supply, and an array of eight multidirectional thrusters. Guided by a computer scientist from a boat, using a set of joysticks, OceanOne combined artificial intelligence, sensory feedback and dexterous mechanical construction to perform delicate tasks underwater, such as retrieving a fragile artifact from the wreckage and placing it in a box so it could be brought to the surface.